Printer-friendly version"The myth of male superiority can only be demolished with shining examples of female achievement against which nobody could argue intelligently."
Timeline: Kenya
1900-1998 Half of Africa's forests have been felled. Kenya's forest cover is 2.9% of what it once was. The Mt. Kenya forest has thousands of acres of bare ground.
1963 Kenya wins political independence from the United Kingdom. Since then, it has had only two presidents. Currently, Daniel arap Moi heads the government and the ruling party KANU (Kenya African National Union).
1970s Women's groups proliferate in Kenya, numbering 6,800 by 1977. Many focus on development, teaching women new farming techniques and income-generating projects.
1980s The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) impose economic reforms on developing countries who owe them debt. One requirement is that the countries increase their exports to generate foreign exchange to help pay their debts. One result is a shift from growing diverse food crops for domestic consumption to increased production of cash crops for export. Export of natural resources, such as timber, is also encouraged, leading to deforestation, soil erosion and desertification.
1980–1990 Government clamps down on civil freedoms in this period of growing agitation for multi-party democracy. In 1982 President Moi alters the constitution, making Kenya a one-party state. University students and professors, journalists, civil servants, farmers, even air force personnel are arrested and convicted of treason.
1991 International Women's Congress on the Environment held in Miami.
1992 UN Earth Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro. Women's groups argue that since women bear the brunt of environmental degradation, they are most likely to seek solutions to it. Women must be included in environmental policy-making.
1994 Ethnic violence flares amongst the Kenyan people. By the end of the year over 1,500 people have been killed, and more than 300,000 displaced. There is strong evidence that the violence is instigated by the government, which blames it on opposition parties, government critics, human rights activists, and the media.
1998 President Moi allows multiparty election to take place. Opposition parties fail to unite around one candidate. Daniel arap Moi wins election and KANU remains in power.
Wangari's Story
In poor countries it is women who most often are sustained by the forests around them. From forests they fetch their wood for fuel, animal fodder, healing herbs, fresh spring water, and nutritious fruit and nuts to eat and sell. When forests are cut for timber or large-scale agriculture, women's livelihood and the health of their families suffer. In Kenya, a modern 'Johnny Appleseed' has initiated a successful program to counteract the alarming destruction of Africa's forests. Her Green Belt Movement seeks not to preserve wildernesses, but to conserve places that have been home to people through the centuries.
Political activist and environmentalist Wangari Maathai was trained to be a leader. As she was growing up, her father, a truck driver, made sure she was brought into family discussions and valued her opinions. This was a rare occurrence in her male-dominated society. At school she was taught that her generation had to accept responsibilities for the development of their young country. Sent to the United States and Germany for her formal education, Maathai took degrees in biology, becoming Kenya's first female Ph.D.. She then became the first woman to teach and chair a department at the University of Nairobi's Department of Veterinary Anatomy. At age twenty-five, she was ready to look for "new challenges so that I could play my part as a leader…I felt ready to play my role in the development of my country."
When Maathai's husband was elected to Parliament in 1993, she formed Envirocare, a program that hired the poor to help clean up their districts. Envirocare was once given over 6,000 tree seedlings to distribute. This event started Maathai on her future course: to introduce community tree planting as a way to improve human settlements and avert desertification.
In 1977 Maathai joined The National Council of Women in Kenya, a powerful organization which represents scores of national women's organizations, both urban and rural. She became head of its Environment and Habitat Committee, which gave her a platform to expand her ideas. On Earth Day in 1977, she mounted a rally that resulted in the planting of seven trees in honor of legendary women and men who had made contributions to their communities. With that act, Maathai's organization, the Green Belt Movement, was born.
Green Belt's campaign started by planting protective 'green belts' to help preserve the land. They initiated tree planting activities at schools, national parks, and in communities. Farmers, 70% of whom were women, were also targeted. Maathai says that "It was important to be simple and practical…Planting trees and food crops was easy and practical as agro-forestry had always been our people's way of farming."
The hunger for free seedlings, which were distributed to those wanting them, was there. The next step was to ensure that the green belts would generate income for the women, thus ensuring their participation as stewards of the environment. One strategy was to have women own the trees they planted, and the products from them. Wangari wanted to develop a positive change for women since they were not usually given ownership of the land they farmed.
Maathai taught women how to rear the seedlings, plant, and market them. She helped develop environmental education classes which taught professional forestry techniques. The graduates took jobs as tree nursery managers, teachers in environmental programs for children, Green Belt promoters, and rangers. The Green Belt Movement also encouraged training of the handicapped and school dropouts, hoping to curb the rural migration to urban centers for better prospects.
In 1981, Maathai tried to enter politics by becoming a candidate for Parliament. To do so she resigned her position at the University of Nairobi. In the end, the ruling party refused to accept her as a candidate. By then, Maathai had lost not only her university position, but also the government-sponsored housing that went with it.
Being jobless and homeless did not stop Maathai. In 1990 her activism became well known when she opposed the ruling party's plan to use the only green space in downtown Nairobi, Uhuru Park, for a skyscraper and shopping mall. Maathai sued to stop the project, but lost the suit in court. The Green Belt Movement was thrown out of its state-owned building with the government threatening to make the group illegal. Nonetheless, foreign investors behind the skyscraper project got the word; the proposed multi-story complex was halted. Even though Maathai lost the suit, she won the struggle in the real world of international economics. Maathai's name now became a rallying point for people around the nation and the world.
In 1992 Maathai returned to the same spot where plans to build the complex had been fought. This time it was as the head of mothers of political prisoners, some of whom were prisoners of conscience. Maathai and the mothers, most of whom were between 60 and 82 years old, camped and began a hunger strike. Riot police with tear gas moved against them. One hit Maathai, knocking her unconscious. The mothers returned, however, and kept up the protest for a year until 52 political prisoners were released. Today the area is known as 'Freedom Corner.' Maathai regularly returns to it to plant and water trees in memory of those who died in the struggle for freedom, justice, and democracy in Kenya.
Following her support of victims of violent ethnic clashes in Western Kenya, Maathai went into hiding in 1993 in fear for her life. Because of pressure by Amnesty International, she surfaced within a month. Most recently she has been trying to get opposition parties united behind one candidate. She entered the last race herself, but was too late to mount a successful campaign.
Because of her active support for the environment and for victims of oppression, Maathai has been honored around the world. She has received the Right Livelihood Award, called "the alternative Nobel Peace Prize," the UN Environmental Program (UNEP) Global 500 Award, and the 1991 Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger, as well as other awards. One of the founders of the Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO, Maathai co-chairs its international Board of Directors. The Green Belt Movement, which Maathai still coordinates, has gone international with branches in 13 countries including the United States. Groups from other countries have come to Kenya to study the movement's ideas, and Maathai travels to numerous international conferences as an honored speaker. In the years ahead, she is planning to expand her activism into three new areas which are becoming critically important in Kenya: food security; health; and the welfare of children, particularly the increasing numbers of street children.
Over the decades, Green Belt members have planted millions of trees that have produced income for tens of thousands of families. Eighty percent of the 15 million seedlings first planted have matured, encouraging the Kenya government to increase spending for more tree seedlings. The success of this grassroots attempt to combine community development and environmental protection has proven Maathai correct when she states that environmental degradation can be reversed. But protecting forests is not only the responsibility of governments and foresters, she says. "The responsibility is ours individually."
Things to Do and Discuss
1 When you think of trees, what comes to your mind? What do you see? What do you use trees for?
How do you think women in poor countries may think about trees. What do they use trees for? What products do trees provide?
2 Maathai identifies the indiscriminate cutting-down of trees in developing countries as resulting in "drought, malnutrition, famine and death." Describe how this ripple effect might occur. (Consider the rural migration to urban centers for better prospects; the needs to generate income; the use of wood as fuel for heat and cooking; the energy needed to travel longer distances for fuel, food, and water; the opting for foods which are less nutritious but easy to prepare; and so forth.)
3 In many parts of the world women have defended their environments, sometimes putting their lives on the line. For example: the Indian Chipko or 'Hug a Tree' movement was formed by rural women to save forests on the Himalayan foothills; Dia Ching, Chinese journalist and environmentalist, opposed the Three Gorges Dam – her arrest helped launch the Chinese environmental movement; Marina Silva, now in the Brazilian Senate, defends Amazon rain forests; United States women have been arrested for trying to save first growth redwood trees.
Find out more about these actions or others in which women play a major part. Look for first person quotes that explain why women are willing to endanger their lives to preserve the environment.
