Race and Poverty

Framework
This lesson is the fourth and final lesson of “Issues of Poverty [1].” Students explore the causes of poverty in the United States and the structural factors that perpetuate it. Students will examine the ways poverty is closely related to economic and political policy, and will work to discover why it disproportionately affects members of nondominant groups—that is, groups that historically have been oppressed.

Objectives
Activities will help students:

• understand the link between race and poverty
• understand which barriers to success are personal and which are institutional
• discuss the ways in which educational advantages make a difference in life
• explore state and national participation in Advanced Placement classes
• recommend changes to increase equitable access to and participation in such classes

Essential Questions

• How, and to what extent, is race a factor in poverty?
• How important is access to a quality education?
• For people of color who live in poverty, what are the barriers to such access?
• How can such access be broadened on a local basis? 

Glossary

Advanced Placement (add-vanst playsment)
(adjective) accelerated courses in which high school students may qualify for college credit if they pass culminating tests 

institutionalized (in-stih-too-shun-uhl-eyzd)
(adverb) having made something an established custom or an accepted part of the structure of a large organization or a society

tracking (tra-king)
(verb) in this context, separating students by academic ability so that students attend classes and learn only with other students with similar academic achievements

Additional Resources

• Access to Success: Patterns of Advanced Placement Participation in U.S. High Schools [2] (2008 report by the Educational Testing Service)
• AP Report to the Nation [3] (7^th Annual, Feb. 9, 2011) 
• Students Beware: Ability Grouping Ahead [4] Grouping by perceived abilities is fraught with peril for students. 

Materials

• Internet access
• Access to completed work from Lesson 3: The Cycle of Poverty [5]
• Access to school administrators and data on Advanced Placement rates

Activities

1. According to U.S. Census Bureau data (see p. 15) [6], the poverty rate for white Americans in 2010 was 13.0 percent. But it was substantially higher for people of color—27.4 percent for blacks and 26.6 percent for Hispanics. Race, then, appears to be a factor that is often connected to poverty through a lifetime. As a class, review the other factors you learned about in Lesson 3 [5]—education, health, geography, and household and family structure—and the specific circumstances you listed within each that can lead to poverty. Discuss the following:

• Which of the circumstances you identified are more likely to affect nondominant groups—that is, groups that have historically been oppressed?
• What might make it difficult for nondominant groups to move beyond these circumstances?
• Which of these circumstances are within the control of individuals? Which of them are       examples of institutionalized barriers to success? 

2. Aside from family, local school districts are the most important factor in helping to determine students’ future success. As a class, brainstorm the ways an educational institution provides opportunities for students’ success. Have a member of the class or the teacher list ideas where people can see them. (Note: outstanding teachers, challenging and engaging curriculum, tutoring and other supplemental aid, access to technology, communication with family members, preparation and planning for college.) Individually, write a journal entry that answers these questions: Do you have the educational advantages from the list your class came up with? If so, how long have you had them? Without them, what chances do you think a student has of succeeding in school and beyond?

3. You’ve now thought about some of the opportunities schools can provide to help ensure student success. For this part of the lesson, you’re going to focus on one specific element at high schools that often correlates to success: Advanced Placement classes. They aren’t the only mark of educational achievement, but the offering of high school Advanced Placement classes is usually an indicator of a distinctive school. By looking at the latest College Board “report to the nation,” you will explore how accessible and how effective AP classes are—depending on poverty factors such as geography and race.

Divide into four groups, with each group choosing one of the following areas to explore. You will find information, charts and graphs for each area in the AP Report to the Nation [3].

• AP access, preparation for and participation by state
• AP participant demographics, including race, gender and low income
• AP participation by race, relative to the specific population
• AP participation by students living in homes with a low income, relative to the specific population

Within your groups, gather information to share with the class. Before you share, make sure that you can identify and list the key findings from your research, so you can explain them to your classmates. Include any information that surprises you or runs counter to your previous assumptions. As a class, discuss the findings. What did you discover about the equity of educational advantages? 

4. How does your school—or school district—compare to your findings? Within your groups, use the expertise of school administrators and other resources to find out the following:

Group 1: What percentage of students took AP classes at the school last year? What percentage of them were students of color? How do those numbers break down in terms of specific race or ethnicity?

Group 2: What percentage of students living in homes with a low income took AP classes last year? How do those numbers break down in terms of specific race or ethnicity?

Group 3: What process is used to fill AP classes (long-term tracking of students, counselor recommendations, communication with families, recruitment nights)?

Group 4: What plan does the school have to expand participation in AP classes? Does the plan specifically address including students of color? Does it specifically address the needs of students who live in homes with a low income?

Once your group has gathered its information, share it with the class in an oral report, PowerPoint presentation or interactive page on a classroom website. As a class, discuss how your school has provided access and preparation for classes that could determine students’ future success. 

5. Based on your findings, what would you recommend that your school do differently to assure access to AP classes and other advantages, regardless of students’ personal resources? Share your recommendations in an editorial for the campus newspaper, a letter to the AP adviser or a presentation to the district school board.

Standards
Activities and embedded assessments address the following standards (McREL 4th edition [7])

McREL Standards

Civics
Standard 11. Understands the role of diversity in American life and the importance of shared values, political beliefs, and civic beliefs in an increasingly diverse American society

Standard 25. Understands issues regarding personal, political, and economic rights

Geography
Standard 4. Understands the physical and human characteristics of place

Standard 5. Understands the concept of regions

Language Arts
Writing
Standard 1. Uses the general skills and strategies of the writing process

Standard 2. Uses the stylistic and rhetorical aspects of writing

Standard 4. Gathers and uses information for research purposes

Reading
Standard 7. Uses skills and strategies to read a variety of informational texts

Listening and Speaking
Standard 8. Uses listening and speaking strategies for different purposes

Life Skills
Thinking and Reasoning
Standard 1. Understands and applies the basic principle of presenting an argument

Standard 2. Understands and applies basic principles of logic and reasoning

Working with Others
Standard 1. Contributes to the overall effort of a group

Standard 3. Works well with diverse individuals and in diverse situations

Standard 4. Displays effective interpersonal communication skills

Life Work
Standard 2. Uses various information sources, including those of a technical nature, to accomplish specific tasks 

Mathematics
Standard 6. Understands and applies basic and advanced concepts of statistics and data analysis

COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS FOR LITERACY IN HISTORY/SOCIAL STUDIES
Key Ideas and Details
RH.9-10.1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information

RH.9-10.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text

Craft and Structure
RH.9-10.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social studies.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
RH.9-10.7 Integrate quantitative or technical analysis (e.g., charts, research data) with qualitative analysis in print or digital text

RH.11-12.7. Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, as well as in words) in order to address a question or solve a problem.

RH.11-12.9 Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources

Gr. 11-12.9 Synthesize information from a range of sources (e.g., texts, experiments, simulations) into a coherent understanding of a process, phenomenon, or concept, resolving conflicting information when possible.