This lesson is part of The Little Rock Battle for School Integration [1] series, which introduces students to the actors and events central to the 1957 Little Rock Central High School desegregation crisis.
In this lesson, students learn about the state of Central High School and integration in Little Rock 55 years after the crisis. In 1957, the conflict in Little Rock changed the nation, but in the process, the small, Southern city was also transformed. The events that made Little Rock famous exposed the city’s divided views on racial integration. Although these divisions persist, the battle lines are not as black and white as they were in the past.
In this fourth lesson, students will read and analyze an article from The New York Times written in 2007 for the 50th anniversary of the integration of Central High School and read a more recent article from USA Today. They also will view and discuss a video about the successes and failures of Little Rock’s attempts to integrate its public schools.
Essential Questions
Objectives
Materials Needed
Central Text
Learning Activities
Part 1: Word Work
Often you can figure out what an unfamiliar word or phrase means by paying attention to the language around it, or the context. Context clues are words or phrases that help you define other, unfamiliar words and phrases.
Adam Nossiter uses each of the following words and phrases in his article about Little Rock: pall, prerequisite, bureaucracy, white flight, undercurrents, regress, and the achievement gap. Find each word in the article. On the handout, write the sentence in which each word can be found. Then write what you believe the word means based on context clues. Finally, use a dictionary to find the official definition and record it.
Part 2: Close and Critical Reading
Adam Nossiter identifies two primary divisions that existed within the Little Rock community over the performance of African-American school superintendent, Roy Brooks. He also explains the racial dimensions of the divide. While reading, ask yourself the following questions:
Before, during and after reading, complete the following on the graphic organizer [6]:
LINK: to handout/PDF
Part 3: Community Inquiry
In his article, Adam Nossiter paints a picture of Little Rock as a community still separated by racial tensions. Nossiter’s article emphasizes the negative impact Mr. Brooks’ actions have had on the African-American community, particularly, the black middle class. His perspective is that of an outsider looking into the Little Rock community. In this part of the lesson, you will watch a video about life inside a classroom at Central High School. As you watch the video, you are required to take notes on a separate sheet of paper. Ask yourself the following questions:
After watching the video, arrange the classroom in to two rows, with each student sitting directly from a peer. Discuss the video for one minute, then rotate clockwise to a different student. This is sort of like speed dating. (Note: 5-10 rotations are ideal, as the goal is to get students to debrief about the video with each other.) Once the final rotation is completed, facilitate a larger group discussion that connects the video and the article. How do they tell similar, yet different, stories about the state of integration in Little Rock? Are there parallels between the article and video, or are they completely different?
Part 4: Write to the Source
Read “The Little Rock Desegregation Plans Go Back to Court [5].” After reading the article, compose a letter to the U.S. District Judge, Brian Miller. In your letter tell Judge Miller how you think he should resolve the Little Rock desegregation suit. Propose a solution, and explain why you believe it will improve or solve the problems the city of Little Rock is facing? If relevant, consider using quotes or excerpts from 50 Years Later, Little Rock Can’t Escape Race [3] and “Integration of Little Rock High School: 50 Years Later [4]” to support your solution.
Part 5: Do Something
As a class, brainstorm suggestions for your school district’s school board on the issue of racial, class, gender or sexual integration. How can local schools help ensure all types of people are included and have equal opportunities?
Extension Activity
Elders possess a wealth of information. Interview an older family or community member—parent, grandparent, aunt, neighbor or friend—about their personal experiences with racial integration. Summarize her personal stories, and combine them with your classmates’ to develop a compilation of your family and community histories, and their connection to integration.
Common Core State Standards (English Language Arts Standards) [7]
Reading
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.
10. Read and comprehend complex literacy and informational texts independently and proficiently.
Writing
1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
3. Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research
Speaking and Listening
1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
3. Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
Language
1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.
3. Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings
Links:
[1] http://www.tolerance.org/activity/little-rock-battle-school-integration
[2] http://www.tolerance.org/sites/default/files/general/tt_integration_L4.pdf
[3] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/08/us/08deseg.html?pagewanted=all
[4] http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12
[5] http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-09-18/little-rock-desegregation/50455078/1
[6] http://www.tolerance.org/sites/default/files/general/tt_integration_L4teacher example.pdf
[7] http://www.corestandards.org/